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Oncotarget

The Hidden Risks of At-Home Genetic Cancer Tests

January 3, 2025

“While the test poses minimal physical risk, there is no assurance of “safety” from psychological distress.”

Would you take a test to find out your cancer risk? At-home genetic testing makes it easy, but experts warn that these tests may create more harm than good.

A New Approach to Genetic Testing

Genetic testing has traditionally been performed under the supervision of healthcare providers, with genetic counseling to help patients navigate their results. This approach ensures that individuals receive proper guidance, reducing the emotional and practical challenges of interpreting complex genetic information.

In September 2023, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new test called the Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers Panel. This test checks for changes in 48 genes linked to hereditary cancers, including breast, ovarian, and Lynch syndrome-related cancers. What makes it different is that it can be ordered online and taken at home with no doctor required.

While the convenience of these tests is appealing, health experts have raised serious concerns. An editorial titled “Pitfalls and Perils from FDA-Approved Germ-line Cancer Predisposition Tests,” authored by Dr. Wafik S. El-Deiry, Editor-in-Chief of Oncotarget, and Dr. Eli Y. Adashi, both from Brown University, highlights the potential risks of using these tests without professional guidance.

Concerns Raised by Experts

Experts warn that while at-home genetic tests sound simple, they often leave users with more questions than answers. A common issue is the detection of Variants of Uncertain Significance, genetic changes that are not definitively linked to cancer risk. Without proper context, these ambiguous findings can lead to unnecessary anxiety or uninformed decisions.

Another concern is the potential impact on minors. Without medical oversight, children may take these tests without fully understanding their implications. If the findings are not shared with healthcare providers or added to medical records, critical follow-up care could be missed, leading to long-term health consequences. Additionally, these tests are rarely covered by health insurance, adding financial burden to individuals.

The Importance of Professional Guidance

Genetic counseling is essential to make sense of genetic test results. When testing is done under medical supervision, it can guide individuals toward proactive decisions, such as increased screenings or preventive treatments. Without this support, results may be misinterpreted, causing unnecessary worry or missed opportunities for intervention. Requiring access to genetic counseling ensures that all users fully understand their results and can take appropriate next steps.

What Needs to Change?

The editorial calls on the FDA to implement stricter regulations to ensure the safe and responsible use of at-home genetic tests. Ensuring that the test results are integrated into healthcare systems is another critical measure, particularly for minors who may need long-term follow-up.

Testing companies must also be transparent about the limitations of their products. For instance, not all detected genetic changes are linked to cancer risk, and this should be communicated clearly to set realistic expectations and avoid unnecessary alarm.

The Future of At-Home Genetic Testing

At-home genetic cancer tests mark a significant step forward in healthcare by providing easier access to information about hereditary cancer risks. However, to truly benefit individuals, these tests must include safeguards such as genetic counseling, integration with healthcare systems, and clear communication about their limitations.

With proper regulation and professional guidance, genetic testing has the potential to save lives by identifying risks early and enabling preventive care. Without these measures, however, the benefits of this innovation could be diminished by confusion and missed opportunities for effective healthcare.

Conclusion

At-home genetic cancer tests have great potential, but their convenience should not come at the cost of proper support. Without the right guidance, these tests can have negative consequences. Finding a balance between accessibility and healthcare support, such as genetic counseling, is crucial. This will help ensure they are safe and effective while empowering people to make informed decisions about their health.

Click here to read the full paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

A New Path to Tumor Suppression: The Promise of PG3

December 18, 2024

“Restoration of the p53 pathway has been a long-term goal in the field of cancer research to treat tumors with mutated p53 and aggressive clinical behavior.”

The p53 protein, often called the “guardian of the genome,” is crucial for preventing cancer by repairing damaged DNA or triggering cell death in cells that cannot be repaired. However, in about half of all cancers, the p53 gene is mutated, making the protein ineffective. A groundbreaking study has introduced PG3, a new compound that restores tumor suppression without relying on p53, offering a new option to treat resistant cancers.

The Study: A New Approach to Tumor Suppression

Published in Oncotarget on September 17, 2024, the study titled “Integrated stress response (ISR) activation and apoptosis through HRI kinase by PG3 and other p53 pathway-restoring cancer therapeutics,” introduces PG3, a small molecule with a completely new approach to treating cancer. This groundbreaking research was conducted by Dr. Xiaobing Tian and Oncotarget Editor-in-Chief Dr. Wafik S. El-Deiry from Brown University.

The researchers tested PG3 on cancer cell lines with various p53 mutations, as well as on cells that lacked p53 entirely.

The Challenge: The Limitations of Current Cancer Treatments

For years, scientists have focused on developing cancer treatments targeting p53, a protein that plays a central role in suppressing tumors. However, these treatments face significant challenges. With thousands of known p53 mutations, most therapies can only target specific mutations, limiting their effectiveness. Worse, these treatments fail entirely in cancers where the p53 protein is missing, which occurs in some of the most aggressive tumors. Additionally, many current drugs that target p53 are toxic for healthy cells, causing serious side effects. These limitations have driven researchers to find alternative approaches, like PG3, that do not rely on the presence of p53.

The Results: A Safer, More Effective Cancer Therapy

The study found that PG3 and its earlier version, PG3-Oc, were highly effective in killing cancer cells across five different types of cancer. Notably, PG3 worked regardless of whether the cancer cells had mutated, missing, or fully functional p53 proteins.

PG3 builds upon the earlier version PG3-Oc, retaining its potent anti-cancer effects while addressing key limitations. Unlike its predecessor, PG3 is more water-soluble and less toxic to normal cells. These improvements make PG3 a safer and more practical candidate for cancer therapy.

The Breakthrough: Unlocking a New Path to Treat Cancer

PG3 represents a groundbreaking advance in cancer therapy by employing a completely novel mechanism. Instead of trying to repair or reactivate the dysfunctional p53 protein, PG3 bypasses p53 altogether, taking an alternative and innovative route to kill cancer cells.

PG3 works by activating a protein called HRI kinase, which initiates the integrated stress response (ISR). The ISR is a natural mechanism that cells use to manage internal stress, such as damage caused by cancer. Through this pathway, PG3 activates ATF4, a transcription factor that switches on critical tumor-suppressing genes like PUMA and p21.

These genes are vital for inducing programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which eliminates damaged or cancerous cells. This novel mechanism enables PG3 to effectively destroy cancer cells, even in cases where conventional therapies fail, such as tumors that lack functional p53.

Therapeutic Potential: Advancing Toward Personalized Cancer Care

PG3 has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by overcoming the resistance of p53-deficient tumors to existing therapies. By restoring critical tumor-suppressing signals in cancer cells that are otherwise resistant, PG3 offers a new approach to treating some of the most aggressive and challenging cancers.

What makes PG3 especially promising is its combination of versatility and safety. It is effective across a wide range of cancer types, including colorectal, ovarian, and p53-null cancers, while being less toxic to healthy cells, significantly reducing the side effects commonly associated with cancer treatments. These qualities position PG3 as a great option in the future of personalized cancer therapy, offering new hope for patients with limited treatment options.

Next Steps: Bringing PG3 Closer to Patients

While these findings are promising, the study highlights areas for further research. Future work will focus on improving PG3’s delivery and stability in living organisms, ensuring it performs as effectively in clinical settings as it does in the lab. Clinical trials will be the next step to determine PG3’s real-world potential as a cancer therapeutic.

Conclusion

PG3 represents a potential paradigm shift in the treatment of p53-deficient tumors, addressing the limitations of therapies that target mutant p53. By activating an alternative pathway through the integrated stress response, PG3 offers a promising and innovative approach to combating some of the most aggressive cancers

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

Small Cell Lung Cancer: Advancing Precision Medicine with Biomarker Research

December 4, 2024

“Precision medicine is an innovative approach to disease prevention and treatment that considers differences in people’s genes, injuries, environments, and lifestyles to target the right therapies to the right patients at the right time.”

Could a deeper understanding of one of the deadliest lung cancers lead to more effective treatments? Recent research offers a promising way forward, aiming to improve patient outcomes and provide clinicians with valuable insights.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a particularly aggressive form of lung cancer. It spreads fast and does not always respond well to conventional therapies such as chemotherapy. Although SCLC accounts for around 15% of all lung cancer cases, survival rates are extremely low. Only less than 5% of patients live more than five years after diagnosis. These alarming statistics highlight the critical need for new treatments. A team of researchers from the Federal University of Ceará, working together with collaborators from Argentina and Spain, may have found part of the solution.

The Study: Finding Clues in Tumor Biomarkers

Published in  Oncotarget Volume 15 on October 11, 2024, the study is titled ​​“Relationship between the expressions of DLL3, ASC1, TTF-1 and Ki-67: First steps of precision medicine at SCLC.” Led by corresponding author, Dr. Fabio Tavora, the research team analyzed tumor samples from 64 adult patients diagnosed with SCLC between 2022 and 2024. Their focus was on specific biomarkers, molecules that reveal the unique biology of a tumor, and that could lead to better ways to improve diagnosis and treatment for SCLC.

The Challenge: Why Current Treatments Are Not Enough

Current treatments for SCLC, like chemotherapy, are based on a “one size fits all” approach. While chemotherapy can initially decrease tumor size, its effects are often temporary, in addition to the harsh side effects that the patients can experience. This type of universal treatment overlooks each tumor’s specific biological characteristics, which is one of the main reasons chemotherapy has such low long-term success rates for SCLC patients.

To address this problem, the researchers studied the presence of distinct biomarkers. Since these molecules usually differ from tumor to tumor, they can provide valuable insights into tumor behavior. The goal was to discover new ways to personalize treatments, making them more efficient.

Technology: Using Digital Tools for Precision

In addition to standard techniques like immunohistochemistry, the researchers used QuPath, a novel digital pathology tool. QuPath enabled the researchers to evaluate tumor samples with unprecedented precision and resolution, revealing differences in biomarker expression between patients and between tumors, thus demonstrating that no two tumors are identical. This highlighted the importance of tailored treatment options.

The Results: Two Important Biomarkers

The study revealed two key biomarkers with the potential to improve SCLC treatment: Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) and Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1). 

The Breakthrough: DLL3 and TTF-1 as Game-Changing

DLL3, a protein identified almost exclusively on the surface of SCLC tumor cells, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. In this study, DLL3 was found in more than 70% of the SCLC tumors and its expression was tumor-specific. This finding makes it a suitable target for precision medicine, as treatments can target DLL3-positive cells while avoiding healthy tissue.

TTF-1, traditionally used as a diagnostic marker for lung cancer, showed potential as a prognostic biomarker in this study. Patients with TTF-1-positive tumors demonstrated better survival rates. The study also discovered a link between the expressions of TTF-1 and DLL3, suggesting that these two biomarkers could be used together to help choose treatments.

Therapeutic Potential: Toward Personalized Treatments

Unlike traditional therapies, which take a generic approach, biomarker-based treatments are tailored to the unique characteristics of each tumor. This personalization could make treatments more effective while reducing the side effects that patients experience. 

Samuel Silva, the study’s first author, during an interview, emphasized the importance of the relationship between TTF-1 and DLL3. TTF-1 serves as both diagnostic and survival prediction tool, while DLL3 creates new opportunities for targeted therapy. Together, these biomarkers offer hope for more effective and individualized treatments for SCLC.

One promising development is the recent FDA approval of Tarlatamab, a therapeutic compound that uses the body’s immune system to target and destroy DLL3-positive tumor cells. This is an example of how biomarkers like DLL3 can be successfully translated into clinical settings.

Looking Ahead: What’s Next for SCLC Research

While this study represents a significant step forward on SCLC treatment, there is still more work to be done. In his interview, Silva explained that his team plans “… to look into the genomics and transcriptomics landscapes and the interactions of all these molecules,” aiming to better understand the molecular mechanisms driving SCLC and to further refine the therapeutic strategies. 

Future clinical trials will be necessary to validate these findings and assess how effective and reliable DLL3 and TTF-1 are in guiding treatment for SCLC patients. With continued research, the ultimate goal is to make precision medicine a standard option for all SCLC patients.

Conclusion

SCLC is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, but this study offers hope. QuPath played a key role in showing how biomarkers like DLL3 and TTF-1 can guide more personalized and effective treatments. By focusing on these biomarkers, researchers are leading the way for better ways to diagnose and treat this aggressive disease. Precision medicine, which tailors treatments to each patient’s unique needs, promises to improve survival rates and quality of life for those facing SCLC.

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Recurrence: New Insights for Breast Cancer

November 13, 2024

“Cancer dormancy, followed by recurrence remains a poorly understood phenomenon in both cancer biology and oncology.”

Cancer dormancy is a phenomenon in which, after treatment, residual cancer cells remain inactive in the body for months or even years. During this time, patients often show no signs of the disease. These dormant cells can unpredictably reawaken, leading to tumor recurrence—a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Despite progress in cancer research, the factors that control dormancy and subsequent reactivation remain poorly understood. Identifying these factors and understanding how cancer cells dormancy and reactivation occur could be crucial to preventing cancer recurrence. This question was the focus of a recent study titled “Initiation of Tumor Dormancy by the Lymphovascular Embolus,” published in Oncotarget Volume 15, on October 11, 2024. In this blog, we will look at the key findings and implications of this important work.

The Study: Investigating Dormancy in Breast Cancer Tumors

This study, led by Yin Ye, Justin Wang, Michael G. Izban, Billy R. Ballard, and Sanford H. Barsky from Meharry Medical College and Scripps Mercy Hospital, aimed to investigate the origins of cancer dormancy, an often overlooked aspect of cancer progression, focusing specifically on breast cancer.

Using various breast cancer study models—such as patient-derived mice, spheroids, and cell lines—the researchers investigated how dormancy might start within small clusters of cells known as lymphovascular emboli, which detach from the primary tumor. These clusters can travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, settle in distant organs, and remain inactive until conditions change, triggering their reactivation and growth. To further validate their findings, the team analyzed tissue samples using tissue microarrays, allowing them to observe dormancy indicators directly in human breast cancer cases.

The Challenge: Elusive Dormant Cancer Cells

Dormant cancer cells pose a unique challenge because they grow slowly and often evade immune system detection, making them difficult to target with conventional treatments. These cancer cells typically exist as small, inactive clusters called micrometastases, which can later transition back into an active state and lead to tumor recurrence. Preventing this recurrence requires understanding how these cells “decide” to stay dormant or reawaken.

Dormancy periods vary depending on the type of cancer and the individual patient, making it even more important to pinpoint the factors that influence cancer cell dormancy and reactivation. Identifying these factors could transform our approach to cancer treatment.

The Results: A Breakthrough in Cancer Dormancy Mechanisms

The team found that cancer cells within lymphovascular emboli may enter dormancy through a reduction in key cellular activities. Two important players in this process are mTOR signaling and E-cadherin proteolysis. mTOR is a cellular pathway involved in regulating cell growth and metabolism, which, when reduced, slows the cell’s activity to a near standstill, facilitating dormancy. Meanwhile, E-cadherin, a protein that helps cells stick together, undergoes a process called proteolysis, or breakdown, through enzymes like calpain 2. This proteolysis further stabilizes the dormant state, keeping the cells inactive until reactivation signals arise. The researchers also discovered that the PI3K signaling pathway influences these dormancy-associated changes in mTOR and E-cadherin. Together, these signaling modifications within the three-dimensional structure of lymphovascular emboli reveal how dormant cancer cells persist in a state of low activity until conditions favor their reactivation.

The Potential: Toward New Treatments for Preventing Cancer Recurrence

This study demonstrates the potential for targeted interventions to prevent dormant cells from reawakening. Developing therapies that act on mTOR and E-cadherin pathways might provide cancer patients with a new line of defense against recurrence, especially in cancers prone to prolonged dormancy, such as breast cancer. Although further research is needed to determine the exact clinical applications, these findings provide a promising roadmap for future treatment innovations.

Conclusion

This work represents a significant step forward in our understanding of cancer dormancy and recurrence. By uncovering the mechanisms behind cancer cell dormancy, this research brings us closer to a future where cancer recurrence can be controlled—or even prevented entirely. While more studies are necessary to explore the broader implications for other types of cancer, this study highlights a critical aspect of cancer biology and offers hope for more effective and targeted treatments in the near future.

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

Next-Generation Antibodies for Cancer Therapy

October 24, 2024

“This study focuses on developing a new generation of antibodies that can get inside cancer cells and disrupt their DNA repair processes, offering a hopeful new way to treat cancer with more precision.”

Cancer research has made remarkable progress in recent years, with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy emerging as one of the most promising advancements. These treatments are designed to precisely target cancer cells, offering a more focused approach that helps patients fight different malignancies with fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy.

Despite this progress, a major challenge remains: targeting cancer-related molecules inside cells rather than on the surface, which has been the main focus of available mAb therapies until now. This is where the groundbreaking research in the paper “Next-generation cell-penetrating antibodies for tumor targeting and RAD51 inhibition,” published in Volume 15 of Oncotarget on October 1, 2024, comes into play.

The Study

This study, led by researchers Madison Rackear, Elias Quijano, Zaira Ianniello, Daniel A. Colón-Ríos, Adam Krysztofiak, Rashed Abdullah, Yanfeng Liu, Faye A. Rogers, Dale L. Ludwig, Rohini Dwivedi, Franziska Bleichert, and Peter M. Glazer from Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, and Gennao Bio, explores the potential of an innovative mAb called 3E10. This antibody offers a new way to target cancer cells. The researchers focused on creating humanized versions of 3E10 that can enter malignant cells and disrupt their DNA repair system, presenting a promising new approach to cancer treatment. In this blog, we will look at the key findings and implications of this important work.

The Challenge: Targeting Intracellular Molecules

To understand the importance of this research, let’s first look closer at the limitations of conventional monoclonal antibodies. mAbs are proteins designed to bind to specific targets, like a key fitting into a lock. Many of the current mAb therapies work by targeting proteins (antigens) found on the surface of cancer cells. The issue is that not all cancer-related targets are located on the cell surface. In fact, many important proteins that drive malignant tumor growth and therapy resistance are found inside the cells. Until now, it has been difficult to develop therapies that can penetrate the cell membrane and reach these intracellular targets. The few antibodies that can do this usually face degradation inside the cell, meaning they lose their power before they reach their intended target.

3E10: A Unique Antibody with Cell-Penetrating Abilities

The researchers in this study focused on 3E10, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) originally discovered in a mouse model used to study systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Unlike most antibodies, 3E10 can enter cells and even reach the cell’s nucleus. What makes it unique is that it does not rely on the usual pathway most antibodies use to enter cells, which usually leads to them being inactivated in cellular compartments called lysosomes. Instead, 3E10 enters cells through a nucleoside transporter called ENT2, which is highly active in many cancers. This overactivity happens because cancer cells grow and multiply quickly, requiring extra nucleosides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

The way 3E10 enters cells makes it an exciting candidate for cancer therapy because it can reach targets inside cancer cells that are typically hard to access. One key target is a protein called RAD51, which is crucial for repairing damaged DNA. By binding to and blocking RAD51, 3E10 prevents cancer cells from repairing their DNA, making them more vulnerable.

Humanizing 3E10: Creating Antibodies Suitable for Human Use

While 3E10 holds great potential, the original version of the antibody was derived from mice, which is a problem for human therapy. Antibodies from other species can activate an immune response in humans, leading to reduced efficacy and side effects. To overcome this, the researchers aimed to “humanize” the antibody. This process involved modifying the 3E10 so that it closely resembles a human antibody, minimizing the risk of immune rejection. 

In this study, researchers developed 22 different humanized versions of 3E10, each with modifications designed to increase its ability to enter cells and bind to nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA). These variants were then tested to evaluate how effectively they could do so.

The Results

Tuning Antibody Properties for Optimal Cancer Targeting

The researchers discovered that different humanized versions of 3E10 showed different abilities to bind nucleic acids and penetrate cells. One variant, called V66, stood out for its high affinity for nucleic acids and strong ability to enter cells. In contrast, another variant, V31, had lower affinity for nucleic acids but showed higher binding to RAD51 (a DNA repair protein) and was also more effective at inhibiting DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells that already had DNA repair problems.

These findings suggest that by adjusting the characteristics of 3E10, it is possible to create different versions of the antibody for different treatments. For instance, the V66 variant may be more suitable for delivering therapeutic molecules into cells because it enters them more efficiently, while lower-affinity variants like V31 might be better at directly blocking the DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells.

Tumor Targeting Without Antigen Dependence

One of the most promising aspects of this research is that the 3E10 antibody can target malignant tumors without needing a specific protein on the surface of cancer cells. Instead, 3E10 detects tumors because of the high levels of certain molecules, like nucleosides and DNA, commonly found in cancer tissues. This gives a big advantage over many current treatments, which focus on specific proteins found on cancer cells. These proteins can vary in how much they are present between patients or even between different parts of the same tumor, making those treatments less reliable.

Therapeutic Potential

The ability of 3E10 to enter cells and block a crucial DNA repair protein like RAD51 makes it a strong candidate for treating different cancers, including breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Additionally, 3E10 can be modified for other purposes, opening up many possibilities for future cancer treatments. For instance, the study’s authors suggest that humanized 3E10 could also be used as a tool for delivering genetic material into cells for gene therapies. This could help create more personalized and effective cancer treatments in the future.

Conclusion

This study represents an important step in developing a new generation of mAb for cancer treatment. By humanizing and optimizing the 3E10 antibody, researchers have shown its potential to target cancer cells in new ways from the previously used. Whether it is used to prevent cancer cells from repairing their DNA or to deliver drugs directly into tumors, 3E10 is a promising new tool in the fight against cancer.

As cancer therapies continue to improve, innovations like 3E10 offer hope for more precise and effective ways to target even the toughest cancers. However, further testing will be needed to make sure these new-generation antibodies are safe and effective in humans.

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

Targeting Stem Cell-like Traits: How miR-10b Inhibition Treats Metastatic Breast Cancer

October 11, 2024

“Our results demonstrate that inhibition of miR-10b using MN-anti-miR10b decreases the stemness of breast cancer cells, supporting dedifferentiation as a mechanism through which the nanodrug may function as a therapy.”

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While there have been significant improvements in breast cancer detection and treatment, the outlook for metastatic breast cancer remains bleak, with only a 30% five-year survival rate. This is largely due to existing therapies’ inability to effectively target the unique characteristics of metastatic cells. One key factor in metastasis is miR-10b, a small noncoding RNA known to influence cancer cell invasion, migration, viability, and proliferation.

In their paper, researchers Alan Halim, Nasreen Al-Qadi, Elizabeth Kenyon, Kayla N. Conner, Sujan Kumar Mondal, Zdravka Medarova, and Anna Moore from Michigan State University’s Precision Health Program, College of Human Medicine, and College of Veterinary Medicine, and Transcode Therapeutics Inc. in Newton, Massachusetts, shared findings showing that inhibiting miR-10b impairs breast cancer cell stemness. Their research paper, entitled, “Inhibition of miR-10b treats metastatic breast cancer by targeting stem cell-like properties” was published in Volume 15 of Oncotarget on August 26, 2024.

THE STUDY

In this study, researchers investigated the effects of repeated MN-anti-miR10b treatments on local and distant metastases. They observed over 93% inhibition of miR-10b in cryosectioned samples and noted reduced miR-10b expression in lymph node and lung metastases after weekly dosing. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of genes, including ATP6V0D2, EPHB2, KLF4, KLF7, NCOR2, TMEM268, and VDR, associated with developmental processes. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted biological processes such as cell differentiation and tissue development in these upregulated genes.

The researchers also explored the link between miR-10b expression and stem-like properties in cancer cells. Elevated miR-10b levels were found in stem-like breast cancer cells. MN-anti-miR10b reduced stemness-related traits in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, as shown by reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and smaller spheroids in tumorsphere assays. These results suggest that inhibiting miR-10b effectively targets stem-like properties in metastatic breast cancer, offering potential therapeutic benefits.

DISCUSSION

Inhibition of miR-10b has been shown to be an effective treatment strategy for metastatic breast cancer. The nanodrug MN-anti-miR10b was found to significantly downregulate miR-10b expression in cancer cells, leading to decreased cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and viability. The researchers investigated the time course of miR-10b inhibition and confirmed that the nanodrug effectively reduced miR-10b expression in both regional and distant metastases. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the inhibition of miR-10b by MN-anti-miR10b upregulated genes associated with developmental processes, indicating an effect on the stem cell-like properties of cancer cells.

The study also demonstrated a correlation between miR-10b expression and stemness in cancer cells. Cells with increased stemness, identified by the CD44+/CD24- surface marker phenotype, showed higher miR-10b expression. Treatment with MN-anti-miR10b resulted in decreased stemness-associated properties, as observed through the Aldefluor assay and tumorsphere formation assays. These findings suggest that MN-anti-miR10b has a differentiation effect on cancer cells and targets dedifferentiated, stem cell-like cancer cells. The upregulation of genes associated with developmental processes by MN-anti-miR10b further supports the notion that cancer cells overexpressing miR-10b are in a less-developed, more stem cell-like state.

Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the therapeutic effects of miR-10b inhibition using MN-anti-miR10b in metastatic breast cancer. The findings suggest that targeting miR-10b and stem cell-like properties in cancer cells could be a promising approach for the treatment of various types of metastatic carcinoma.

IN CONCLUSION

Despite the progress made in breast cancer detection and treatment, the prognosis for metastatic breast cancer remains poor. A significant factor contributing to metastasis is miR-10b, a small RNA molecule involved in cancer cell invasion and migration. The researchers have developed a nanodrug called MN-anti-miR10b that delivers antisense oligomers to inhibit miR-10b in cancer cells.

In mouse models of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, MN-anti-miR10b has shown promising results. It prevents the development of metastases and can eliminate existing metastases when combined with chemotherapy, even after treatment cessation. Recent studies have also linked miR-10b to the acquisition of stem cell-like properties in cancer cells, including chemotherapy resistance.

In this study, the researchers provide transcriptional evidence that inhibiting miR-10b with MN-anti-miR10b activates developmental processes in cancer cells. They also demonstrate that stem-like cancer cells have higher expression of miR-10b. Importantly, treatment of breast cancer cells with MN-anti-miR10b reduces their stemness, indicating that the nanodrug can effectively target and impair the stem-like properties of breast cancer cells.

These findings highlight the potential of MN-anti-miR10b as a treatment option for breast cancer subtypes characterized by stem-like properties. By inhibiting miR-10b, the nanodrug could disrupt the stemness of cancer cells and may offer a new approach to improve the outcomes for metastatic breast cancer patients.

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

CDR3s and Renalase-1 Correlate with Increased Melanoma Survival 

September 26, 2024

“Our group has demonstrated that chemical complementarity between tumor resident, T-cell receptor, complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3s), and MAGEA3/6 correlates with increased survival in patients with melanoma.”

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In this study, Saif Zaman, Fred S. Gorelick, Andrea Chrobrutskiy, Boris I. Chobrutskiy, Gary V. Desir, and George Blanck from Yale School of Medicine, Veteran’s Administration Healthcare System, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital, Morsani College of Medicine, and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, investigated the chemical complementarity between melanoma-resident T-cell receptor (TCR) complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) amino acid sequences (AAs) and the renalase-1 protein. On August 5, 2024, their research paper was published in Oncotarget‘s Volume 15, entitled, “Chemical complementarity of tumor resident, T-cell receptor CDR3s and renalase-1 correlates with increased melanoma survival.”

The Study

The researchers investigated the potential of the RP220 peptide as an antigenic target for T cells by assessing the electrostatic and hydrophobic complementarity between T-cell receptor (TCR) CDR3s and the RP220 peptide of the renalase (RNLS) protein. They found that higher complementarity scores were linked to significantly improved survival probabilities, with hydrophobic forces further refining these distinctions. The associations varied depending on the dataset and method used.

The study also explored correlations between TCR CDR3-RNLS amino acid alignments and immune gene expression. Several immune signature genes, such as CD86, TIGIT, CIITA, and CD4, were significantly associated with better overall survival when showing higher complementarity scores.

Researchers also examined how RNLS expression levels affected these correlations. They found that higher RNLS mRNA expression was associated with worse survival, while lower RNLS expression combined with high complementarity scores predicted better outcomes. This trend held for both the full-length RNLS protein and the RP220 peptide.

The study revealed that specific regions of the RNLS protein, including the RP220 peptide, had higher complementarity with TCR CDR3s, suggesting they may serve as potential antigenic targets.

Discussion

The researchers explored the potential of the RNLS protein as a tumor antigen by examining the chemical complementarity between melanoma tumor-resident T-cell receptor (TCR) CDR3s and the amino acid (AA) sequence of RNLS. They found that increasing complementarity correlated with improved overall survival (OS) outcomes, supporting previous in vitro and in vivo data. This suggests that RNLS could be recognized by TCRs, triggering immune responses against melanoma.

Gene expression analyses revealed that as complementarity scores between TCRs and RNLS AAs increased, so did the expression of T-cell activation-associated genes, indicating enhanced T-cell activity and anti-tumor immune responses. The association between TCR complementarity and OS probabilities was more pronounced in cases with low RNLS expression levels, suggesting that high complementarity may be particularly beneficial in tumors with reduced RNLS-mediated immune inhibition.

These findings suggest that RNLS could serve as an antigen for TCRs in melanoma, supporting further exploration of its potential as a target for immunotherapy and vaccine design.

In conclusion, this research suggests that RNLS could potentially serve as an antigen for T-cell receptors (TCRs) in melanoma. The correlation between TCR complementarity to RNLS and improved overall survival supports the idea that T-cell responses targeting RNLS may play a role in antitumor immunity. These findings highlight the potential of RNLS as a valuable target for immunotherapy and vaccine development for melanoma treatment. 

Further research in this area is warranted.

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

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Oncotarget

Harnessing the Power of Nanobodies: Inhibiting Metastasis of 4T1-12B Breast Tumor Cells

September 12, 2024

In this study, researchers show that treatment of 4T1-12B mouse breast cancer cells with this nanobody inhibits V-ATPase-dependent acidification of the media and invasion of these cells in vitro.

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Researchers recently developed a nanobody directed against an extracellular epitope of the mouse V-ATPase c subunit. Zhen Li, Mohammed A. Alshagawi, Rebecca A. Oot, Mariam K. Alamoudi, Kevin Su, Wenhui Li, Michael P. Collins, Stephan Wilkens, and Michael Forgac from Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts University; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School; University of Minnesota School of Medicine; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University; Korro Bio; SUNY Upstate Medical University; and Foghorn Therapeutics, suggest that plasma membrane V-ATPases represent a novel therapeutic target to limit breast cancer metastasis. The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is an ATP-dependent proton pump that functions to control the pH of intracellular compartments as well as to transport protons across the plasma membrane of various cell types, including cancer cells.

On August 14, 2024, their research paper was published in Oncotarget’s Volume 15, entitled, “A nanobody against the V-ATPase c subunit inhibits metastasis of 4T1-12B breast tumor cells to lung in mice.”

The Research

Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers, accounting for almost one-third (30%) of all new diagnoses in women in 2022. At the time of diagnosis, 20–30% of patients with early-stage breast cancer will go on to develop metastatic breast cancer. 6–10% of all patients with breast cancer have stage IV disease at time of diagnosis. It has been shown that V-ATPase plays an important role in promoting the invasiveness of many cancer cell types, including breast cancer cells. 

This study demonstrated that inhibiting cell surface V-ATPases can effectively block tumor cell invasion. The findings indicate that anti-V-ATPase antibodies targeting an extracellular region of the V-ATPase can suppress activity on the surface of cancer cells, as well as inhibit both in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis in a mouse model. This represents a promising advancement toward developing a new therapy to limit breast cancer metastasis.

Results

A camelid nanobody against the N-terminus of the mouse V-ATPase c subunit was prepared using phage display. The nanobody was dimerized through disulfide bonding to create a bivalent molecule. The purified nanobody was detected using Coomassie blue staining and Western blotting. The apparent molecular weight of the dimer on SDS-PAGE was around 45 kDa, slightly faster than the predicted weight of 56.8 kDa. The nanobody was tested for its ability to inhibit V-ATPase-dependent acidification in mouse 4T1-12B cells. The nanobody treatment resulted in a similar increase in extracellular pH as treatment with concanamycin, a known V-ATPase inhibitor. 

Combining both the nanobody and concanamycin did not significantly enhance the effect. The nanobody effectively inhibited V-ATPase-dependent extracellular acidification without affecting cell viability. The anti-V-ATPase nanobody was tested for its ability to inhibit in vitro invasion of 4T1-12B cells. Treatment with the nanobody significantly inhibited invasion, like its inhibition of extracellular acidification. The nanobody effectively inhibits both extracellular acidification and in vitro invasion of 4T1-12B cells with similar affinity. 

The administration of the anti-V-ATPase nanobody was tested to determine its effect on tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Different amounts of the nanobody were administered to mice without any adverse effects. The effect of nanobody administration on in vivo metastasis was then tested using 4T1-12B cells implanted in the mammary fat pad. However, no significant difference in tumor volumes was observed between the control and nanobody-treated groups at the end of the study. Treatment with the anti-V-ATPase nanobody resulted in a significant reduction in lung metastasis but had no effect on tumor growth or leg metastases. No significant metastasis was observed in other organs. In contrast, treatment with the anti-GFP nanobody did not reduce lung metastases.

Discussion

The researchers’ previous results demonstrated that selective inhibition of cell surface V-ATPases using an antibody or bafilomycin showed potential in inhibiting invasion of breast cancer cells. However, the use of antibodies against the native c subunit proved challenging due to its conservation and limited exposure. To overcome this, a nanobody against a native epitope of the c subunit was developed through in vitro screening. This nanobody successfully inhibited cell surface V-ATPase activity in mouse 4T1-12B breast cancer cells and showed a correlation between inhibition of invasion and extracellular acidification. In mice, the nanobody treatment significantly reduced lung metastases, but had no effect on tumor growth or leg metastasis. 

The study suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in tumor cell invasion in different tissues. The potential side effects of inhibiting cell surface V-ATPases were also discussed, highlighting the limited presence of these pumps in certain cells and the potential benefits of inhibiting osteoclast function for breast cancer metastasis to bone. 

Overall, the findings support the use of inhibitory nanobodies against cell surface V-ATPases as a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit breast cancer metastasis.

“These results provide support for the use of an inhibitory antibody directed against an extracellular epitope of the V-ATPase as a potential anti-metastatic therapeutic to inhibit breast cancer metastasis.”

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

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Oncotarget

Key Roles of MIF, DDT, and CD74 in Melanoma Prognosis and Therapy

August 28, 2024

In this new study, researchers present the first retrospective study evaluating differential gene expression of MIF, DDT, and relevant pathway markers in relation to clinical outcomes in melanoma patients.

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Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and its homolog D-dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) have been implicated as drivers of tumor progression in various cancers. Recent evidence suggests that MIF could be a therapeutic target in immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) resistant melanomas; however, clinical evidence for MIF, and particularly for DDT, remains limited.

Researchers Caroline Naomi Valdez, Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno, Lais Osmani, Wael Ibrahim, Anjela Galan, Antonietta Bacchiocchi, Ruth Halaban, Rajan P. Kulkarni, Insoo Kang, Richard Bucala, and Thuy Tran from Yale University; Oregon Health and Science University; Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR); and the Department of Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System analyzed 97 patients treated at Yale for melanoma between 2002–2020. Their research paper was published in Oncotarget’s Volume 15 on July 19, 2024, entitled, “Prognostic and therapeutic insights into MIF, DDT, and CD74 in melanoma.”

In their study, the researchers noted that melanoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of cancer, with an estimated 99,700 new cases expected in 2024. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has significantly transformed cancer treatment and is now a cornerstone for managing several cancers, including advanced melanoma. Anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors, which target regulatory T cells, and anti-PD-1/L-1 inhibitors, which target activated T cells, dendritic cells, and tumor cells, have reshaped melanoma management, leading to improvements in progression-free and overall survival, with up to 22% of patients experiencing a complete response (CR). Data suggests that the ratio of CD74:MIF and CD74:DDT expression in melanoma may provide prognostic value and potentially serve as clinical biomarkers for patients with melanoma.

The study significantly expands on previous research by including a larger cohort of individuals and employing a comprehensive approach to defining high and low MIF and DDT expression. The survival analysis findings are consistent with existing literature, demonstrating that increased MIF levels are associated with worse prognosis in patients with melanoma, particularly in those with advanced disease or evidence of metastases.

The data presented in this research paper supports existing evidence on the intratumoral effects of MIF and DDT on tumor permissiveness, primarily through immune modulation, with implications for melanoma prognosis. The findings suggest that MIF and DDT may serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for predicting treatment response and survival, with CD74:MIF and CD74:DDT showing promise as markers of ICI response in patients undergoing treatment. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the role and functions of DDT in the melanoma microenvironment, as well as its distinct, non-overlapping functions in tumorigenesis.

“Our study is the first to report survival findings in association with intratumor DDT expression and CD74:DDT expression level ratio.”

Click here to read the full research paper in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that has published primarily oncology-focused research papers since 2010. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in a continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

Dr. Blagosklonny’s Strategy: From Osimertinib to Preemptive Combinations

June 6, 2024

This article dissects Dr. Mikhail V. Blagosklonny’s paradigm-shifting perspective on preemptive combinations for treating EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

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In the relentless battle against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) driven by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, the development of resistance has long been a formidable obstacle. Historically, first- and second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, and dacomitinib have faced a significant hurdle: the emergence of the T790M point mutation in approximately 50% of patients, rendering the tumor resistant to these therapies.

This resistance stems from a sobering reality – before treatment, a small subset of cancer cells already harbor the T790M mutation, conferring no selective advantage initially. However, once treatment commences, these rare mutated cells proliferate selectively, eventually dominating the tumor population and diminishing the effectiveness of first- and second-generation TKIs.

The Rise of Osimertinib: A Beacon of Hope

In 2015, the FDA approved osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR TKI, as a second-line therapy for NSCLC patients with the T790M mutation. This approval recognized that untreated tumors are typically T790M-negative, with the mutation potentially present in only a single cell initially. Moreover, approximately 50% of patients do not harbor this mutation at all, underscoring the rationale for administering osimertinib after resistance to first- or second-generation TKIs emerges.

However, a paradigm shift was on the horizon. Osimertinib’s ability to target the T790M mutation, coupled with its potential to eliminate the rare resistant cells before they proliferate, paved the way for a groundbreaking approach: administering osimertinib as a first-line treatment, without waiting for resistance to develop.

Preemptive Combinations: A Multifaceted Strategy

In a seminal 2018 clinical trial, osimertinib demonstrated its prowess as a first-line treatment, significantly extending median progression-free survival (PFS) compared to first-generation EGFR inhibitors (18.9 months vs. 10.2 months). Remarkably, while the objective response rates were similar between the two groups, the duration of response was nearly doubled with osimertinib (17.2 months vs. 8.5 months).

Capitalizing on these findings, Dr. Mikhail V. Blagosklonny introduced the concept of “preemptive combinations” – a multi-pronged approach to not only induce a therapeutic response but also eliminate the few resistant cells harboring pre-existing mutations. By combining osimertinib with first- or second-generation EGFR inhibitors like gefitinib and afatinib, these preemptive combinations could potentially prevent on-target resistance mechanisms, thereby extending PFS and overall survival (OS) for a substantial proportion of patients. On March 15, 2024, Dr. Blagosklonny’s research perspective was published in Oncotarget’s Volume 15, entitled, “From osimertinib to preemptive combinations.”

Expanding the Armamentarium: Comprehensive Preemptive Combinations

While osimertinib addresses the T790M mutation, other resistance mechanisms remain a concern. Approximately 50% of resistance cases involve on-target secondary mutations within EGFR, such as L718, G724, L792, G796, and C797, which can be targeted by first- or second-generation EGFR inhibitors. Additionally, off-target mechanisms like MET and HER2 amplifications contribute to resistance.

To combat this multifaceted challenge, Dr. Blagosklonny proposed a comprehensive preemptive combination comprising osimertinib, afatinib (or a first-generation EGFR inhibitor), and capmatinib (a potent MET inhibitor). This triple-threat approach could potentially prevent up to 75% of resistance mechanisms, dramatically extending median PFS from 18 months with osimertinib alone to an estimated 40 months.

Addressing Heterogeneity: The Bittersweet Reality

While osimertinib undoubtedly improves median PFS and OS compared to first-generation TKIs, a sobering reality emerges: approximately 20% of patients may experience a shortened PFS due to pre-existing mutations like C797S, which render the tumor resistant to osimertinib but sensitive to first-generation TKIs. In these cases, osimertinib inadvertently selects for resistant clones, potentially harming a subset of patients.

The solution, as proposed by Dr. Blagosklonny, lies in the simplicity of preemptive combinations. By combining osimertinib with gefitinib, or even a triple combination with afatinib, the risk of selecting for resistant clones is mitigated, ensuring that no patient is inadvertently harmed by the superior TKI.

Transient Combinations: A Flexible Approach

For clinicians who may be hesitant about administering three- or four-drug combinations, Dr. Blagosklonny suggests a flexible approach: a sequence of transient two-drug combinations. This strategy involves alternating between different combinations, such as osimertinib and gefitinib, followed by osimertinib and afatinib, and so on, effectively covering all potential resistance mechanisms while maintaining a manageable treatment regimen.

Extending the Paradigm: MET-Driven NSCLC

The insights gleaned from EGFR-driven NSCLC can be applied to other molecular subtypes, such as MET exon 14 skipping mutation (METex14)-driven NSCLC. Dr. Blagosklonny’s personal experience with this condition underscores the importance of preemptive combinations in this setting as well.

While the selective MET inhibitor capmatinib demonstrated remarkable efficacy in treating Dr. Blagosklonny’s brain metastases, resistance tends to emerge within a year, often driven by secondary mutations like D1228 and Y1230. To combat this, a preemptive combination of capmatinib, afatinib (to target EGFR and HER2 alterations), and cabozantinib (a type II MET inhibitor effective against resistance mutations) could potentially prevent up to 50% of resistance mechanisms, prolonging progression-free survival for a significant proportion of METex14-driven NSCLC patients.

Overcoming Hurdles: The Path Forward

Despite the promise of preemptive combinations, challenges remain. The development of novel targeted therapies and the exploration of immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with these regimens offer exciting avenues for future research. Additionally, refining clinical trial designs to incorporate precision medicine approaches and tailored combination strategies will be crucial in translating these concepts into tangible benefits for patients.

Conclusion: A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Care

Dr. Blagosklonny’s perspective on preemptive combinations represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of lung cancer and potentially other malignancies. By proactively targeting resistance mechanisms before they can take hold, this approach offers a glimmer of hope for prolonging progression-free survival and improving outcomes for patients grappling with this disease. As research continues to unravel the complexities of cancer resistance, preemptive combinations may pave the way for a future where we can stay one step ahead of cancer.

Click here to read the full research perspective in Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes primarily oncology-focused research papers. These papers are available to readers (at no cost and free of subscription barriers) in an open-access and continuous publishing format at Oncotarget.com. 

Oncotarget is indexed and archived by PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Scopus, EMBASE, META (Chan Zuckerberg Initiative) (2018-2022), and Dimensions (Digital Science).

Click here to subscribe to Oncotarget publication updates.

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.