Category: Oncotarget

Could Metformin and Rapamycin Replace Maintenance Chemotherapy?

December 16, 2021

Researchers explored metformin with or without rapamycin as maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Malignant fluid cytology; Malignant cells of adenocarcinoma may spread to fluid of pleural or peritoneal cavity in cancer from the breast, lung, colon, pancreas, ovary, endometrium or other sites. — Malignant cells of adenocarcinoma

Maintenance chemotherapy has previously been recommended for patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDA)—as PDA is an aggressive cancer at all stages, and treatment options are limited for later-stage mPDA. However, maintenance chemotherapy regimens often lead to toxicity and are not viable long-term options. Therefore, researchers are exploring alternative maintenance therapies for mPDA patients. In preclinical studies, the therapeutic combination of metformin and rapamycin demonstrated a potential synergy of anti-tumor activity in PDA.

“A synergistic effect of the combination of metformin with rapamycin was suggested by preclinical studies demonstrating enhanced inhibition of mTOR in a pancreatic cancer cell line and better growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells in a xenograft tumor model with the combination than either agent alone [21].”

Metformin is an antihyperglycemic drug that is frequently prescribed for patients with diabetes to help control blood sugar levels. Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive drug that has historically been prescribed to prevent organ rejection in kidney transplant patients. (Today, rapamycin is also being considered for its potential use in anti-aging and longevity interventions.) In animals, metformin and rapamycin both inhibit the major biological regulator of growth, named the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is thought to be a main driver of many (if not all) aging-related diseases, including cancers such as PDA.

“Mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which acts as a signaling node downstream of several oncogenic pathways including KRAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt, both of which are thought to be relevant drivers in a majority of PDAs [6–9].”

The Study

Given its promising potential, researchers—from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Virginia Piper Cancer Center at HonorHealth, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine—conducted a study exploring metformin, plus or minus rapamycin, in patients with metastatic PDA. Their priority research paper was published by Oncotarget in 2020, and entitled, “An exploratory study of metformin with or without rapamycin as maintenance therapy after induction chemotherapy in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma”.

A total of 22 unselected patients with mPDA were included in this randomized open-label phase 1b study between June 2014 and December 2017. Patients were at least 18 years of age and had previously been treated with chemotherapy for mPDA. At the beginning of the study, patients had either stable mPDA or responding mPDA for at least six months after induction chemotherapy. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to study Arm A, and the other 11 patients were assigned to study Arm B. Of note, the average age of the participants in Arm B was older (52–72; 66) than the participants in Arm A (34-73; 58). Otherwise, baseline characteristics between the study groups were relatively well-balanced.

Participants in study Arm A were assigned to take 850 milligrams of metformin orally, two times per day, for at least 12 months. Participants in study Arm B were assigned to take metformin and four milligrams of rapamycin once per day, for at least 12 months. The researchers conducted PET/CT scans, immunologic and metabolic analyses, statistical analysis, and continuously recorded and monitored for safety, patient tolerance, toxicity, and treatment-related adverse events.

“Treatment was continued until disease progression, intolerance of study treatments, or study closure, which occurred only after all remaining patients received a minimum of 12 months of treatment.”

Results and Conclusion

“In conclusion, the administration of metformin with or without rapamycin in patients with mPDA who achieve a response to chemotherapy is well-tolerated and was associated with better than expected overall survival in this study.”

The researchers observed “remarkably longer than expected” progression free survival and overall survival in this typically poor-prognosis population of patients. In this cohort, a low neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and decreased fluorodeoxyglucose-avidity and/or decreased CA19-9 from baseline predicted improved outcomes among the long-term survivors. Overall, metformin and rapamycin were well-tolerated and their safety profiles were found to be comparable to previous reports. The researchers were forthcoming about limitations of their study—as their cohort was relatively small and the study was not powered to detect differences in clinical activity between the treatment arms.

“To this end, we identified several factors which may be used to select for patients with improved outcomes; however, whether good prognosis patients need any further treatment at all and whether poor prognosis patients will benefit from continued chemotherapy rather than a maintenance approach are not known and additional prospective studies are needed to answer these questions.”

Click here to read the full priority research paper, published by Oncotarget.

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Oncotarget

Chemical in Sunscreen Promotes Breast Cancer in Diet-Dependent Manner

November 18, 2021

The bioactivity of oxybenzone—a harmful chemical often found in sunscreens—was examined within mouse models of breast cancer in high- and low-fat dietary contexts.

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Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3; BP-3) is a toxic endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Alarmingly, this chemical has been identified as a common ingredient in some brands of sunscreen. Oxybenzone can often be found in humans, household dust, fish and, due to its widespread human use, the water environment—causing harm to coral reefs and other murine life. Previous studies have shown that environmental toxins and estrogenic chemicals have emerged as potential culprits in the promotion of breast cancer. Furthermore, oxybenzone has been known to have estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties.

“Although BP-3 has a very short half-life, its presence is widespread in human urine [9], in as much as 98% of the general U.S. population [13].”

Researchers from the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program at Michigan State University studied the diet-dependent effects of oxybenzone in mouse models of mammary tumorigenesis during puberty and adulthood. Their paper was published by Oncotarget in 2020, and entitled, “Benzophenone-3 promotion of mammary tumorigenesis is diet-dependent.”

“We [previously] demonstrated enhancement of mammary tumorigenesis by a diet high in saturated animal fat (HFD) [5–8]. Thus, examination of the activity of EDCs in a dietary context may provide additional insight into the potential role of EDCs in promoting breast cancer.”

The Study

In the current study, the team employed the Trp53–null transplantation of a basal-like breast cancer mouse model. The researchers previously demonstrated that proliferative, inflammatory and angiogenic activity in the mammary gland can be modulated by estrogen and a high-fat diet (HFD). Therefore, both pubertal and adult mice were placed on either low- or high-fat diets. After one week, study mice were ovariectomized, given time for recovery and the natural dissipation of endogenous hormones, and then treated for five days with either saline (control) or 17β-estradiol (E2).

Next, the estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects of oxybenzone were examined in these mice under three dietary conditions: mice fed a life-long low-fat diet (LFD), mice fed a LFD during puberty and then a HFD in adulthood (LFD-HFD) and finally, mice fed a HFD during puberty and then a LFD in adulthood (HFD-LFD). Mice in LFD-HFD and HFD-LFD groups were fed their initial diet from three to 10 weeks of age, and were then switched to the alternative diet. Half of these mice were injected with oxybenzone and the other half (control) were injected with saline.

“We found that BP-3 had complex effects that were dependent upon dietary regimen and tumor histopathology.”

Results

Consistent with their previous studies, the researchers found that most of the tumors developed were epithelial in histological composition, and few were spindle cell carcinomas. They found that oxybenzone reduced the tumorigenesis of epithelial tumors in LFD mice. The LFD-HFD combination resulted in more spindle cell tumors compared to the life-long LFD mice. Oxybenzone treatment increased the tumorigenesis of epithelial tumors in mice fed the LFD-HFD.

“Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that BP-3 reduced tumorigenesis of epithelial tumors in mice fed LFD (Figure 3A). On the other hand, consistent with the increased proportion of epithelial tumors, BP-3 was promotional for epithelial tumorigenesis in mice fed LFD-HFD (Figure 3C), while reducing spindle cell tumorigenesis (Figure 3D).”

Researchers saw that proliferation was increased by oxybenzone treatment most significantly in the mammary glands of 26-week-old HFD mice. Curiously, oxybenzone treatment increased the number of lesions only in mice fed the HFD-LFD. The researchers note that, in this study and others, a “pubertal window of susceptibility” was observed, reinforcing the important notion that puberty is a highly sensitive window of time for poor diets and adverse exposures to environmental toxins. Ultimately, the team found that oxybenzone enhances estrogen-stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation in pubertal mice fed a HFD.

“Benzophenone-3 increased tumor cell proliferation, decreased tumor cell apoptosis, and increased tumor vascularity dependent on specific dietary regimen and tumor histopathology.”

Conclusion

Collectively, the researchers’ findings suggest that exposure to oxybenzone has adverse consequences in mammary tumorigenesis. The degree of severity appeared to be modulated differently among the three dietary regimens studied. Mice fed a HFD in adulthood experienced a decrease in tumor cell apoptosis and an increase in tumor vascularity and tumor cell proliferation. They note that there is future value in exploring the differences between pubertal and adult exposure to oxybenzone on a constant diet regimen.

“This points to a need for further studies of benzophenone-3 in both animal models and humans as a potential breast cancer risk factor, as well as a more general need to evaluate endocrine disrupting chemicals in varying dietary contexts.”

Click here to read the full scientific study, published by Oncotarget.

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New Study: ALK Rearrangement Among Lung Cancer Patients

November 10, 2021

In Oncotarget’s Volume 12, Issue 23, cover paper, researchers retrospectively assessed the prevalence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement among nearly 20,000 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

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The identification of an actionable gene mutation or translocation in patients with cancer can give researchers a target for new drug therapies. One such mutation, found in some patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement. However, the exact population of patients that present with ALK rearrangement has not been fully characterized. Identifying the subpopulation of patients who present with ALK rearrangement may lead to better overall treatment outcomes.

Researchers—from University of Mississippi Medical Center, Roche Information Solutions, Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Genesis Research, and Houston Methodist Hospital—conducted a retrospective study of nearly 20,000 patients with advanced NSCLC (aNSCLC). The researchers assessed ALK rearrangement prevalence in the cohort overall and then categorized the data using patient characteristics. Their paper was published on the cover of Oncotarget’s Volume 12, Issue 23, and entitled, “Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement prevalence in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the United States – retrospective real world data”.

“We performed a retrospective study of a database to acquire real-world clinical data on the frequency of the translocation in a large pool of patients drawn primarily from community hospitals and practices.”

The Study

This cross-sectional, observational study used de-identified data from Flatiron Health’s database, which included 19,895 patients who were diagnosed with aNSCLC in the United States between 2015 and 2019. The average age of patients was 68.5, plus or minus 10 years. The distribution of gender was nearly equal, with men comprising 50.4% (10,029) of the patient cohort, and 68.4% of patients were Caucasian. A large proportion of patients had a non-squamous histology type (80.5%) and smoking history (85.5%).

“Prevalence of ALK rearrangement was assessed overall and then stratified by patient characteristics such as age, gender, race, smoking status and histology.”

The researchers used descriptive statistics to summarize patient characteristics. Characteristics included age, gender, race, geographic location, smoking status, histology, practice type (community or academic), PD-L1 status, prevalence of ALK rearrangement and other biomarkers.

“Regardless of documented histology, a higher ALK rearrangement rate (8.9%) was observed among patients who had no smoking history compared to patients with a smoking history (1.5% ALK positivity) which represent the largest number of patients in this cohort (17,003).”

Conclusion

Results from the study concluded that ALK rearrangement was present in 2.6% of the total cohort, or 517 patients. The researchers found that ALK rearrangement prevalence varied based on the patients’ demographic characteristics. The rate of ALK rearrangement was the highest among patients younger than 40 years old, and decreased with age. Researchers found no significant difference in ALK rearrangement between men and women. However, when compared to other patients, Asian patients had a higher ALK rearrangement rate (39 out of 623, or 6.3%). Interestingly, the ALK positivity rate was greatest (9.3%) among non-smoking patients with non-squamous histology.

“In summary, this retrospective review of nearly 20,000 patients with aNSCLC and tested for ALK in the United States confirms that ALK rearrangements are found more commonly in younger nonsmokers and patients of Asian descent.”

Click here to read the full research paper, published by Oncotarget.

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New Study: Vaccine Enhances Breast Cancer Treatment

October 27, 2021

Researchers conducted a study to examine the efficacy of adding the P10s-PADRE vaccine to chemotherapy treatments for patients with HR+/HER2− breast cancer.

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The most common type of breast cancer in the United States is HR+/HER2− breast cancer. Patients with HR+/HER2− breast cancer often face the threat of distant recurrence—long after the completion of their treatment. Previous studies have found that high levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were associated with improved outcomes and recurrence-free survival in patients with HR+/HER2− breast cancer. These studies and many others have prompted researchers to further develop and test cancer vaccinesin an effort to elicit anti-tumor immune responses in these patients.

“Therefore, a rational combination therapy that enhances the immune-stimulatory properties of NAC [neoadjuvant chemotherapy], can provide long-term survival benefits for this patient population.”

Researchers from University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern, Highlands Oncology Group, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 conducted a new single-arm Phase Ib clinical trial. Early-stage HR+/HER2− breast cancer patients were treated with carbohydrate-mimetic peptides, the P10s-PADRE vaccine, in combination with chemotherapy treatments. Their paper was chosen as the cover of Oncotarget’s Volume 12, Issue 22, and entitled, “P10s-PADRE vaccine combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in ER-positive breast cancer patients induces humoral and cellular immune responses.”

“The main objective of our study was to determine an appropriate schedule to be used for adding the P10s-PADRE vaccine to cancer chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting considering the ability of the vaccine to elicit adequate antibody response.”

The Study

After meeting the study’s detailed inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 25 patients with HR+/HER2− breast cancer were selected to partake in this single-arm Phase Ib clinical trial. Patients were divided into five cohorts (five patients per cohort): A, B, C, D, and E. Each patient was treated with a combination of four therapies over the course of 22-25 weeks, including three doses of thepeptide-based P10s-PADRE cancer vaccine, four doses of Cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy), four doses of Doxorubicin (chemotherapy) and four doses of Docetaxel (chemotherapy). Using a cohort-specific treatment schedule for the previously stated combination of therapies, the researchers assessed the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity achieved in each cohort and each patient.

Additionally, patients underwent surgery between weeks 26 and 33 (four to eight weeks after their last chemotherapy treatment). Each cohort also had a cohort-specific blood draw schedule—blood was drawn at eight different times in the 73-week time frame. Blood draws were used to conduct flow cytometry, measure the concentration of cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells and antibodies, and to determine the presence of anti-peptide antibody response and the percentage of TILs. The researchers observed that all five cohorts saw a significant reduction in tumor size.

“The data suggest that subjects enrolled in schedule C generated a more consistent and robust antibody response, therefore schedule C appears as the schedule of choice for future combination therapy.”

Their findings concluded that, in combination with chemotherapy, P10s-PADRE immunization in HR+/HER2− breast cancer patients induced “acceptable” antibody responses in study cohorts C and E. The treatment schedule in cohort C demonstrated the strongest antibody response by affecting the expression levels of NK-cell markers, stimulating the production of cytokines, T-cells and TILs. However, the researchers note that continued analysis of the blood samples collected could show serum antibodies may begin to appear later on in patients enrolled in the other treatment schedules.

Conclusion

“This Phase Ib clinical trial of the P10s-PADRE vaccine shows that immunization in combination with a standard-of-care NAC is feasible and well-tolerated. Combination therapy induces antibody response, stimulates activation of NK cells, and is associated with infiltration of T cells in tumor microenvironment. Randomized phase II trials focusing on treatment schedule C are needed to validate current findings and evaluate clinical efficacy.”

Click here to read the full research paper, published by Oncotarget.

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EMT Resistance in Cancer Cells and Two Potential Causes

October 21, 2021

Researchers used mathematical modeling to investigate mechanisms that drive the elusive phenomenon of cancer cell resistance to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT): losing cell polarity and cell adhesion to gain migratory and invasive properties.

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Cancer cells have been known to use sagacious methods of evading apoptosis and mysteriously overcoming powerful anti-cancer therapies. One such method of evasion has recently been identified as the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). These transitions enable epithelial cells (structural/fixed) to gain mesenchymal cell (differentiating/mobile) functions, and vice versa. Researchers believe that epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) allows cancers to become therapy resistant, determines cancer aggressiveness and allows metastatic cancer to mobilize and spread.

“Such dynamic and reversible switching can help tumor cells to overcome various challenges during disease progression such as anoikis [6], and assaults by the immune system [7].”

These processes and their characterization in cancer have been studied, however, questions remain about their molecular determinants and degree of reversibility, or irreversibility, in different cell populations and environments. To further elucidate EMT, researchers from Rice University, Northeastern University and the Indian Institute of Science used mechanistic mathematical models to identify possible mechanisms that may drive EMT response to an EMT-inducing signal in a given isogenic cell population. Their paper was published by Oncotarget in 2020, and entitled, “Epigenetic feedback and stochastic partitioning during cell division can drive resistance to EMT.”

EMT/MET Reversibility/Irreversibility

In the introduction of this paper, the authors discuss results from previous research about the reversibility and irreversibility of EMT/MET. EMT can be triggered by various EMT-inducing external signals, such as TGFβ or by adjusting the levels of EMT-specific transcription factors (EMT-TFs). They report that, in cells stimulated over shorter durations (between two and six days), cells may revert back to an epithelial state after withdrawal of the signal/stimulus. They also explain that cells that have been stimulated over longer durations (10+ days) may render EMT irreversible and to become “locked” in a mesenchymal state.

Researchers suspect the existence of a “tipping point” after continued signal/stimulus exposure is what results in irreversible EMT. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for this tipping point, including epigenetic alterations and self-stabilizing feedback loops in regulatory circuits. However, there remains a need for studies to investigate the mechanistic basis that causes epithelial cells to be resistant to undergoing EMT, or the irreversibility of MET.

“Some sporadic observations about the resistance of epithelial cells to undergo EMT have been reported [14, 24], but a causative mechanistic understanding still remains elusive.”

The Study

To investigate the mechanisms that enable the irreversibility of MET, or lack of EMP, the researchers in this study used mechanism-based mathematical modeling. Their experimental observations indicated that a global epigenetic program limiting the action of ZEB1 was found to underlie epithelial trait retention in cells exposed to persistent Twist1 activation for 21 days. They demonstrated a possible underlying mechanism by which GRHL2 overexpression can resist EMT. Importantly, the researchers found that, from a single isogenic cell population, two subpopulations of cells emerged and responded differently to the EMT-signalling.

“Here, we propose two independent mechanism[s] that may explain the resistance of epithelial tumor cells to undergo EMT: 1) epigenetic feedback mediated via GRHL2—an MET-inducing transcription factor (MET-TF) [25–27]; and 2) stochastic partitioning of parent cell biomolecules among the daughter cells at the time of cell division [28–30].”

Aside from epigenetic mediation involving GRHL2, the researchers believe varying EMT-signal responses within isogenic cell populations are caused by stochastic partitioning of molecules during cell division. The researcher described this phenomenon as a type of incongruent “noise” that takes place when cells divide.

“Such noise in the distribution of molecules may affect cell-fate and drive non-genetic heterogeneity [28–30], leading to different phenotypic distributions in terms of EMT [3].”

Conclusion

The team concluded that MET should not only be considered the reverse process of EMT, as important and distinct processes may be involved in both EMT and MET transformations. The authors are forthcoming about limitations in their study—indicating that a more detailed molecular mechanism-based epigenetic model would provide better insights into EMT. They also note that they did not consider spatial effects in their model, where more dense or spread out cell populations and access to signal strength, nutrients and oxygen may change outcomes.

“Future efforts should decode the molecular mechanisms of any such epigenetic feedback of GRHL2 on ZEB1 expression as well as track the distribution of molecules during cell divisions happening while cells are being induced to undergo EMT/MET.”

Click here to read the full research paper published by Oncotarget.

Watch, read or listen to an Oncotarget Interview with Drs. Herbert Levine and Mohit Kumar Jolly as they discuss this paper.

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Trending With Impact: Unconventional Method Effectively Targets NSCLC

October 4, 2021

Researchers developed a divergent strategy to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

The Trending with Impact series highlights Oncotarget publications attracting higher visibility among readers around the world online, in the news, and on social media—beyond normal readership levels. Look for future science news about the latest trending publications here, and at Oncotarget.com.

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The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) operates within two distinct protein complexes—mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2). These protein complexes are not yet fully understood, as they were only recently identified in humans in 1994. What researchers do know is that mTORC1 is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes and is a key mediator of cell growth and proliferation. mTORC1 is activated by growth factor receptor signals through the PI3K–AKT and RAS–ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may be an efficacious target in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This theory is based on the identification of particular gene mutations in NSCLC that are associated with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. However, previous studies have not yet succeeded in defining an effective monotherapy or combination of therapies that targets this pathway while improving NSCLC patient outcome.

Researchers from Institut Curie, PSL University, Xentech, BioPôle Alfort, Hôpital Foch, and Centre Léon Bérard designed a study using a new methodology to test treatment combinations based on specific targets identified as biomarkers of resistance to PI3K-targeting treatments, and not based on the NSCLC mutations themselves. Their trending research paper was published by Oncotarget in 2021 and entitled, “High in vitro and in vivo synergistic activity between mTORC1 and PLK1 inhibition in adenocarcinoma NSCLC.”

“Our main strategy was therefore, using a panel of NSCLC PDXs, (i) to define predictive markers of response to RAD001 therapy and (ii) to identify possible combinations of treatments that may be able to reverse RAD001 resistance.”

THE STUDY

Researchers tested RAD001/Everolimus (an mTORC1 inhibitor) in vivo using NSCLC Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs), which demonstrated high antitumor efficacy. They next aimed to define predictive markers of response to RAD001 using real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays.

“In order to define predictive markers of response to RAD001, we used real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays to quantify the mRNA expression of a large number of selected genes.”

The team found three significantly highly expressed and targetable genes in NSCLC tumors resistant to RAD001: PLK1, CXCR4 and AXL. They then analyzed these genes for their prognostic value among NSCLC patients that were found in the publicly available database KMPLOT. This analysis revealed that of the three genes evaluated, only one high-gene expression was correlated with a negative impact on overall survival of patients with adenocarcinoma: PLK1. Given this data, the researchers next evaluated the in vivo efficacy of RAD001 combined with a PLK1 inhibitor, volasertib, in four PDX models. The RAD001 + volasertib combination demonstrated dramatic efficacy in three of the four models.

“In all tested PDXs, except LCF29, we have observed a significant, but variable, improvement of the antitumor efficacy of RAD001 + volasertib in comparison to each monotherapy (Figure 2A).”

To define this RAD001 + volasertib drug combination’s mechanism of action, the researchers conducted a pharmacodynamics (PD) study. The team then evaluated post-therapeutic proteins involved in the cell cycle, vascularization and carbonic anhydrase IX expression. These results were then validated using in vitro studies.

CONCLUSION

“Our determination of relevant Pi3K-based therapeutic combination(s) was not supported, by the presence of actual molecular abnormalities, nor by physician therapeutic practices, but by the identification of predictive markers of resistance to Pi3K-based monotherapies.”

In summary, the researchers conclude that their study demonstrates that inhibiting both mTORC1 and PLK1 proteins induces synergistic antitumor activity in multiple models of NSCLC. In the discussion section of this paper, the authors detailed the divergent methodology they used to come to their conclusion.

“This methodology may promote more relevant clinical trials and avoid non-efficient combinations, inacceptable toxicities, and expensive and time-consuming studies.”

Click here to read the full research paper, published by Oncotarget.

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Trending With Impact: Promising Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Prodrug

August 26, 2021

Researchers examined the preclinical prodrug LP-184 and its efficacy in treating non-small cell lung cancers that lack actionable targets or resistance-related genes.

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Between 20 and 40% of adults with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) eventually go on to develop brain metastases. Over 40% of patients with NSCLC have limited treatment options due to a lack of actionable therapeutic targets. Treatment for such patients has been limited to non-targeted chemotherapy—an approach which increases the risk of developing drug-resistance due to underlying resistance-associated mutations.

“Newer drugs that will be more potent and remain efficacious in NSCLC with such mutations could lead to better alternate or combinatorial therapies.”

Lantern Pharma (a pharmaceutical company developing targeted cancer therapies) created a new drug candidate and next generation member of the acylfulvene class of prodrugs, named LP-184. Researchers from Lantern Pharma and REPROCELL (a commercial contract research organization) conducted a study to test the anti-tumor activity of this preclinical compound in a variety of NSCLC cell lines. In 2021, Oncotarget published team’s pape, entitled, “The acylfulvene alkylating agent, LP-184, retains nanomolar potency in non-small cell lung cancer carrying otherwise therapy-refractory mutations.”

The Study

Despite LP-184’s highly-synthetic sounding name, the lead product in this acylfulvene prodrug (Illudins) is derived from, you guessed it, Jack-o-Lantern mushrooms.

“Acylfulvenes have been derived from cytotoxic agents called Illudins, isolated from Jack-o-Lantern mushroom (Omphalotus illudens), that retain and improve the cytotoxicity of parent Illudins for use as anticancer agents.”

The anti-tumor activity of this compound is based on activation through reductive mechanisms, mediated by enzymes such as Prostaglandin Reductase 1 (PTGR1). PTGR1 is known to be upregulated in some tumors, including in tumors with mutations in KEAP1. LP-184 sensitivity was investigated in NSCLC cell lines with individual or combined mutations in KEAP1, KRAS, TP53, and STK11.

“There is a high unmet need for effective therapies for NSCLC harboring mutations in these genes that have not only been considered undruggable till date but also are associated with loss of efficacy or resistance to multiple therapeutic strategies, at least in frontline regimens.”

The researchers tested LP-184 in vitro in 19 primary and metastatic NSCLC cell lines to determine the range of NSCLC settings that this compound might work best in. Clinical data analyses were also conducted by the researchers to predict tumor responsiveness to LP-184. In addition, the compound was examined in two mouse models of primary lung cancer. Mouse models were tested for sensitivity to LP-184 in both two- and three-dimensional culture systems.

“We sought to assess LP-184 activity in a panel of selected NSCLC adenocarcinoma cell lines, determine associations between genomic and transcriptomic profiles and responses of cell lines tested, and compare in vitro potency of LP-184 with that of approved chemotherapy agents.”

Conclusion

Among their many findings, the researchers demonstrated that LP-184 has high nanomolar potency in 11 of the 19 NSCLC cell lines tested—indicating broad NSCLC anti-tumor activity. In vivo, LP-184 showed efficacy in terms of tumor regression in one of the two mouse models.

“We propose further evaluation of LP-184 in multiple PTGR1 high NSCLC settings that may not necessarily be mutually exclusive, including in highly prevalent KEAP1 and KRAS mutant tumors (Figure 6), and in patients with lack of actionable targets or resistance-related genes with no effective therapy options available.”

Click here to read the full research paper, published by Oncotarget.

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Captain of Team Open Access Rides Again for Cancer Research

August 18, 2021

For the past four summers, Impact Journals has sponsored Team Open Access in the Ride for Roswell. The peloton has been captained by Sergei Kurenov, who is the Director of Surgical Simulation at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center — one of the leading cancer treatment and research centers in the nation. This year, Team Open Access was one of the many teams that participated to raise more than $5 million to help find a cure for cancer.

Prior to the 2021 Ride for Roswell (#RFR21) on August 7, we asked Sergei for his thoughts on the experience and motivation for riding.

Please tell us how you got started in the Ride for Roswell event and what pushes you to participate each year.

Kurenov: When I started working at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, I saw how enthusiastically people supported this event and made a lot of contributions of their time in fundraising, patient care support, and cancer research. I wanted to be a part of this community.

This will be your fourth year as team captain and sixth year participating in the Ride for Roswell. What has been your most memorable year or moment since you’ve started?

Kurenov: My first year of the Ride is the most memorable. More than a few thousand riders performed the National Anthem. Then, all the riders cheered on the cancer survivors, reminding us of exactly why we participate.

During last year’s Summer of the Ride, you were a part of over 600 teams that rode to raise more than $3.6 million in the fight against cancer amid a global pandemic. Looking back, how has that specific Ride impacted your outlook on this year’s event and cancer research?

Kurenov: The pandemic has highly affected cancer research. Physicians and researchers are working very hard to minimize pandemic impact and get life back to normal for our patients.

This year, we already raised [more than] $5 million, which will be provided to the development of cancer treatments and cancer research.

Sponsored by Impact Journals, Team Open Access is once again captained by Sergei Kurenov who explains his motivation to participate in the Ride for Roswell. — (Photo Courtesy of Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center)

Tell us a little bit about the 2021 Open Access team.

Kurenov: The 2021 Open Access team has grown again and now we have nine team members, ranging in ages from 13 to 65. Most of the members are scientists in the cancer research field.

Who is the fastest team member? The longest tenured teammate of yours? And, why do you think you make the perfect captain for this team?

Kurenov: Andrei is a great rider and I believe he is the fastest team member.

Liliya and Elena are the longest-tenured teammates for the last six years. They provide a tremendous help in the fundraising and in team organizing. They are also great photographers, making memorable images during the Ride. Each year, they create special Open Access team t-shirts which we are proud to wear during the Ride.

Who, or what, will you be focusing on as team captain this time around?

Kurenov: This year, Sofia joined the Open Access team. She is 13 years old and wants to ride 10 miles. Sofia and the rest of our team will ride together. Perhaps I will join the team or will have a barbecue for the whole team to celebrate afterwards.

How do you generally celebrate following the Ride?

Kurenov: After the Ride, all team members and many of our friends from Buffalo are planning to join a barbecue party in our backyard. Everyone is very welcome to the party.

Please give us your best pitch for people to start or continue donating to cancer research.

Kurenov: Earlier this year, I lost a very close friend who had fought against cancer for the last 17 years. When he was diagnosed, doctors predicted around 10 years of his survival after the initial treatment. However, thanks to the cancer research and new treatment developments in oncology, he almost doubled the doctors’ predictions. And, until this year, he lived a full life, working on cancer research, organizing scientific conferences, traveling around the world and making great photographs. His example shows that the constant cancer research and new technologies can help oncological patients. So, please continue donating to cancer research. This certainly will help to cure cancer more efficiently and save more lives.

Just like we requested of you last year, give us your best pitch for folks to join Team Open Access in 2022.

Kurenov: I am proud to announce that our team is supported again by Impact Journals – which publishes open-source, cancer-related scientific journals Oncotarget, Aging, Genes & Cancer and Oncoscience. These journals include high-impact research papers of general interest and biological significance in all fields of cancer research. As an example, I would like to mention the studies published by Impact Journals that cycling is linked to a substantial decrease in the risk of developing and dying from cancer or heart disease.

Join our team and help us reach our goal or donate to our efforts! No matter how you choose to support us, YOU are making a difference in the lives of the thousands of patients who turn to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center for hope each year.

Click here to learn more about the Ride for Roswell.

YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: More Oncotarget Videos on LabTube

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For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

Trending With Impact: Analysis of Breast Cancer in Nigerian Women

August 16, 2021

In this trending paper published by Oncotarget in 2021, a cohort of Nigerian women were assessed for a useful biomarker in aggressive molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

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Forms of cancer can vary in prevalence and aggression in different populations of people around the world. For instance, incidence rates of breast cancer (BC) have been rising in Africa over the past few decades. Research finds that Nigerian women have the highest age-standardized mortality rate of breast cancer on the African continent. This population in particular also faces disproportionately aggressive molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

“BC in Nigeria is characterized by disproportionately aggressive molecular subtypes, with exceptionally high rates of triple-negative (TN) BC [4], similar to BC in other countries in West Africa [5] and among African American women in the United States [6].”

In order to develop better treatment strategies, there is a distinct need to identify biomarkers that indicate, and even predict, these aggressive subtypes of breast cancer in Nigerian women. In 2021, a new study was conducted by researchers from Duke University, University of Lagos, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Federal Medical Center Abeokuta, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Our Lady of Apostle Catholic Hospital in Ibadan, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Kentucky, and University of Kansas Medical Center. Their trending research paper was published by Oncotarget and entitled, “Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and odds of breast cancer by molecular subtype: analysis of the MEND study.”

C-Reactive Protein

“C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with risk and aggressiveness for several types of cancer.”

When there is inflammation in the body, levels of the C-reactive protein (CRP) increase. This easily measurable protein can be a useful biomarker of systemic inflammation, infection, or tissue damage. Previous studies show that circulating CRP has been elevated in various types of cancers; it has also been associated with tumor prognosis. Past studies about CRP’s association in breast cancer subtypes have been notably few, and none have focused on isolating subpopulations in Africa.

“Additionally, it is worth noting that most of these past studies have been conducted in populations from the United States and Europe, among mostly White study populations, and to our knowledge, none have been conducted in populations from Africa.”

The Study

In this study, 555 Nigerian participants were assembled—of which 296 were confirmed breast cancer cases, and 259 were controls. The researchers collected clinical and reproductive characteristics of each participant, including the controls. In their first analysis, the researchers observed that newly diagnosed cases of Nigerian breast cancer were significantly more likely to have high levels of highly-sensitive CRP (hsCRP) compared to the controls. After adjusting for socio-demographic, clinical, and reproductive variables, the team still observed significant statistical significance for high levels of hsCRP associated with Nigerian BC. The findings from this cohort study also showed that high hsCRP was associated with a four-fold increased odds of BC.

“We also provide novel evidence of associations between hsCRP and BC molecular subtypes, with significant associations observed for luminal A, TN, and HER-enriched subtypes.”

Conclusion

“In conclusion, our analysis revealed a positive association between hsCRP and odds of BC, overall and for all molecular subtypes. Because CRP is an easily measured biomarker in the blood, it may represent a useful predictor of BC in the Nigerian context. We urge larger studies, preferably prospective cohort studies, among women of African descent to further characterize this association.”

Click here to read the full research paper, published by Oncotarget.

YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: More Oncotarget Videos on LabTube

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For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.

Oncotarget

The Ride for Roswell: Rolling Around The Track August 7

July 28, 2021

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The Ride for Roswell is one of the nation’s largest cycling events—hosted by Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center—with ambitious goals to raise awareness and funds for cancer research and patient care. This charity bike ride, based out of Buffalo, New York, has brought people together for 25 years to celebrate cancer survivors, pay tribute to lives that have been lost, and to work together to support research and find a cure.

When it opened its doors in Buffalo in 1898, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center was the first cancer research-focused institution in the world. Today, this institution is one of only four National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centers in the state of New York. Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center is ranked by U.S. News & World Report as one of the best cancer hospitals in the United States.

The Origin of The Ride

The Ride for Roswell started in 1989, when Mitch Flynn, owner of the advertising agency Flynn & Friends, met Katherine Gioia. Katherine was a four-year-old patient battling a rare form of cancer. After Katherine’s death, less than a year after her diagnosis, Katherine’s mother, Anne Gioia, and aunt, Donna Gioia, founded the Roswell Park Alliance Foundation in her memory to raise money for cancer research and treatment. On June 29, 1996, Mitch and Alliance Foundation staff launched the first Ride for Roswell.

In the 25 years since then, thanks to many thousands of riders and generous donations, the Ride for Roswell has raised over $60 million to fund cancer research. The event has become one of the largest single-day charity rides in the United States.

This Year

Traditionally (excluding last year’s COVID-19 inspired “Summer of The Ride”), teams of bicyclists register to ride in a one-day event and raise money to support their participation. This summer, there are two ways to ride. Riders can join in-person at various locations (socially distanced) throughout the Western New York area on Saturday, August 7, 2021. Participants can also ride on their own throughout the month of August.

Impact Journals has been sponsoring the Ride for Roswell since 2018. The Impact Journals peloton, Team Open Access (named after the open-source online medical journals Oncotarget, Aging, Genes & Cancer, and Oncoscience), is captained by Sergei Kurenov. Sergei (who has been riding in the event since 2016) works at the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center to create, develop, and implement innovative diagnostic and surgical pre-planning software used in cancer treatment.

“Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center is dedicated to providing a high level of care for cancer patients,” Sergei said. “By contributing to the Ride for Roswell, we are helping our patients to fight this most dangerous disease.”

Join Us!

There is still time to join Team Open Access and the Ride for Roswell this summer. You can also support the team by giving a donation of any size. Any avenue of support you may choose to donate to the Ride for Roswell will make a difference and change lives.

“Finding a cure for cancer is something we are all incredibly passionate about, and we are so thankful and grateful for your support,” Sergei said. “Together, we can make a difference!”

Visit our team page to join or donate today.

Click here to learn more about the Ride for Roswell.

YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: More Oncotarget Videos on LabTube

For media inquiries, please contact media@impactjournals.com.